The Carnation Revolution in 1974 ended Portugal's dictatorship and empire and opened up a new chapter in film history. Besides national productions, transnational films that result from agreements with the ex-colonies Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, Guinea Bissau and Mozambique now engage with the legacy of Portugal's colonial history and its powerful myths of cultural unity such as lusophony and lusotropicalism. This volume is the first to analyze the negotiations of ideas on identity and difference in both production modes.