This book conceptualises a substantive right to a social minimum, defined as non-discriminatory access to minimum essential levels of subsistence. In a comparative analysis of the Concluding Observations of five UN human rights treaty bodies across all EU Member States in the period of 2009–2019, it addresses the particular challenges of realising the right to a social minimum for persons with disabilities, children, and Roma. The book uses MAQDA for a qualitative content analysis and combines it with a statistical reading of the European survey on income and living conditions (EU-SILC), the official instrument to measure poverty and social exclusion across the EU, addressing the divide between human rights and social policy scholars.